全国基幹送電網
この項，八千代エンジニアリングの西川・小宮両氏に
ご協力頂きました。お礼申し上げます。
全国基幹送電網
エチオピア全土の電力供給は，エチオピア電力公社であるEEPCO（The Ethiopian
Electirc Power Cooperation）が担当している。国土面積１.１百万平方ｋｍ，人口５８百万人に対して，１９９６年末の全土の電化率は僅かに１３％である。EEPCO
が供給している市町村の数は全部で４１０で，このうち中央の系統に繋がれているものが３３８市町村，独立した系統でディーゼル等によって賄われているものは７２市町村である。
（１） １９９7年２月における全国の電源の総設備容量は４２１．６２MWで，中央連係系統は３８０.６MWである。中央系統についてみると，殆どが水力で，３７１.６MWを占める。最大は，アディスの南に位置するMelka
Wakana 水力発電所（１５３MW，１９８８年完成），２番目はアディスの北西に位置するFincha
水力発電所（１００MW，１９７３年完成），他にKoka（４３.２MW ，１９６０年完成），Awash
II （３２MW，１９６６年完成），Awash III （３２MW，１９７１年完成），Tis
Abay （１１.４ MW，１９６４年完成）がある。他はすべて小規模のディーゼル発電所である。１９９７年の各発電所のピークの合計は３７９．７６ＭＷ（ＩＣＳ
３４０．０４＋ＳＣＳ ３９．７２の合計）で，これは需要の最大を示すものでなく各発電所の能力の最大と考えられ，潜在需要がかなりの量に達しているものと推定される。
（３） 高圧基幹送電線は２３０KV並びに１３２KVラインで成り立っており，合計３,１４０ｋｍ（２３０KV
１,０８５ｋｍ，１３２KV ２,０５５ｋｍ）である。主たる２３０KV系長距離送電線は，北部のTis
Abay 発電所から Fincha 発電所を経てアディスに達するもの，南のMelka Wakana
発電所からKoka 発電所を経てアディスに達するもの，東のDire Dawa 発電所（ディーゼル４.
５MW）からアディスに達するもので，アディスアベバしに対しては，北からの電源を受けるGefersha
変電所（２３０/１３２/１５ＫＶ，１２０ＭＶＡ），南の電源を受ける Kalti
I 変電所（１３２/４５/１５KV，６９MVA）があり，市内への電源受け入れ容量は約１８９MVAと考えられる。
（４） 全国の需要想定は，１９９５年に Acres International が 「Ethiopian
Power System Planning」として報告書をまとめており，最近これをアップデートしている。これによると，１９９０年の需要が，１,０５４GWh，２０３MWであったものが，２０００年にはそれぞれ２,２８２GWh，４７２MWに達するものと想定されている。
（５） この需要の伸びに対応する電源の整備状況は，至近年の計画として，アディスの西約３００ｋｍに位置する
Gilgel Gibe 水力（１８０MW)がある。この計画は当初北朝鮮が援助することで進められてきたが，資金不足から現在では手を引いており，代わって世銀が資金供与を行うべく検討が進められている。現在の計画では，高さ３７.５ｍ，堤頂長１,７１７ｍのロックフィルダムによって総貯水容量７１７百万立方ｍ（流入量の約４０％）を得て，ダム直下に単機容量５４MW４台を据え付ける計画である。コンサルタントはイタリアのENELで，エチオピア政府としては１９９９年の運転開始を意図しているが，世銀のコミットメントがなお不透明との情報がある。なお，この発電所のためのアディスへの２３０KV送電線は既に完成しており，今後計画が具体化するに従ってアディス側の変電所の建設が必要である。
また北のＴｉｓＡｂａｙ発電所からエリトリアの国境に近い Ｔｉｇｒａｙ までの２３０ＫＶ送電線の延長工事が行われており，来年の完成を目標としており，これが完成すれば地方の電化に大きく貢献する。
国際的な電力の融通計画は，西のスーダンとの間で話し合いが行われているが，まだ構想の域を出ていない。
（６） このほかの至近年の電源整備計画として，既設 Koka，AwashII，Tis Abay
の修復増強計画，イスラエル・米国の支援による Langano 地熱発電所（５０MW）の建設計画がある。入札図書完成まで漕ぎ着けている５MWのガスタービンは経済性から見送られる公算が強く，１９９８年完成を目指す３４MWのディーゼル発電計画が，Expot
Credit を目算して比較的可能性が高い状態にある。
（７） 長期に亘る水力電源の開発計画としては，アフリカ開銀の資金でドイツのコンサルタントによる３地点の開発調査が進んでいる。それらは，アディスの北西に位置する
Bares 水力（３５０MW），北に位置するChemoga−Yeda 水力（４００MW），西南に位置するHaslele−Waralessa
水力（３００MW）で，何れも２００５年以降の運転開始になるだろう。国の中央に位置する
Alechu 水力（１３０MW)は既にＦＳが終了して次のステップを待っている。
（８） 電化率の低い地方の農村電化は，既設送電線の延長計画を主体とした調査が，ＡｃｒｅｓＩｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌが，１９９３年に報告書を完成している。その他，農村電化をテーマーとした２，３の小水力計画のスタディが過去に行われているが，循環エネルギーを主体とした地方電化計画の構想は，ＥＥＬＰＡは扱っておらず，鉱山エネルギー省の下のＥＥＲＳＣが担当している。
エチオピアは今年，１９８７年以来の渇水に見舞われており，主要な電源用貯水池のうち，満水の状態にあるフィンチャ貯水池（１００MW）以外は，コカ貯水池（コカ４３MW，下流にアワッシュ発電所６４MW），メレカワカナ貯水池（１５３MW）の両主要貯水池とも，雨期の終わりであるにもかかわらず６０％の貯水容量となっている。これは１９８７年の渇水よりも悪い状態との認識のもとに，EEPCOは警戒体制を強め，アディスアベバ市内を変電所毎のブロックに分けて計画停電を実施して，１０MWのピークカットを目標としている。来る12月には小雨期があり，この雨に期待している。
しかし，世論は厳しく，１９８７年以来新しく完成した発電所はなく，頼みのギルゲルギベ発電計画も思うように進まず，２００２年の完成が危ぶまれている，等の事実を糾弾している。
(But May There Be Other Reasons?)
By Our Economics Correspondent
If an electrical engineer tells us that there is going to be a shortage
of hydropower-generated electricity because of the paucity of water due
to drought, we cannot help but nod in almost complete understanding. The
turbines generating electricity are rotated by falling water pooled in
a dam from, where else, but rain, and drought means the shortage of rain.
That was the gist of what the Ethiopian Electricity Energy Corporation
(EEEC) told the public a few days ago.
A one-day discussion forum was held by the EEEC at the Ethiopian Chamber
of Commerce where participants, and the public at large through the mass
media, were told "to conserve and properly utilize electric energy,"
(The Ethiopian Herald, September 26, 1997). Expatiating upon the topic
of discussion, the Herald wrote:
"... on the subject of the balance between the demand and supply
of electric energy for fiscal year 1990 E.C. [which] was
attributed to the low amount of water which entered the major electric
generating source dams during the 1989 E.C. rainy season and the increasing
demand due to various investment and development activities. Over 80 percent
of 425 megawatts of electric energy of the country is consumed by factories
and industries. In order to alleviate the existing energy shortage, the
government has been undertaking rehabilitation activities on the Tis Abay,
Koka, Awash 2nd and 3rd energy source units, and will fabricate 21 megawatt
diesel generators. Upon completion of the Aloto Langano geothermal pilot
project and the construction of Fincha 4th, Tis Abay 2nd and Gilgel Gibe
water energy sources, the government will increase its energy generating
potential by 83 percent within the coming 5 years."
It is in fact a measure of the torpor of the Ethiopian economy that the
shortage of power, electric or otherwise, has so far not constituted the
veritable stranglehold that it might have. Not that it has not been a nuisance,
and not least in Addis where frequent power interruptions have been a source
of heartache and a cause for considerable output and income loss. The government
may say a lot about having paid "due attention" to the energy
sector and its mass media uncritically echo this propaganda platitude even
as electricity users are groping in blackouts!
The fact of the matter, however, is that no major power plant has been
installed since the commissioning of the Derg-built Meka Wakana hydro-electric
power station. As a result, the installed hydro generating capacity in
the country remained virtually constant since 1989/90 G.C., the officially
recorded figure for 1994/95 being 378,030 kw, (Results of The Survey of
Manufacturing and Electricity Industries, 1994/95, CSA). Similarly, government
capital expenditure on energy development registered practically no increase
up until 1994/95. Thermal power accounts for barely 8 percent of the total
installed power generating capacity and as such pinning too much hope on
the Aloto Langano geo-thermal project, which is only a pilot project, would
only raise expectations that would be difficult to fulfill.
The chronic electricity shortage now perhaps exacerbated by low dam water
levels should therefore be attributed to the government's failure to pay
due attention to the completion of the energy projects already in the pipeline
(after review that may have been necessary). The most prominent of these
projects is the Gilgel Gibe hydro-power project which was mothballed for
still obscure reasons. Had the necessary review been carried out of this
project and implementation begun some five years ago, we would perhaps
not have faced the current energy crisis. It is a matter of common sense
that basic economic infrastructure such as electricity should be planned
and implemented well in advance in anticipation of a certain long-term
overall economic growth rate. Apparently, that has not been done.
Now, we must wait for another five years to see the following major power
projects completed: Gilgel Gibe, Fincha 4, Tis Abay 2 and Aloto Langano.
Will they be completed in five years? Very doubtful. By the way, why has
the reported Tekeze project not been cited? Or is it a rumour? While still
on the subject of rumours, is it true that part of the current electricity
shortage has been created as a result of an unplanned diversion of power
to Tigray in order to service the string of factories and other power-using
facilities hurriedly put in place in that region over the last six years?
If it is true, then the lesson must be duly learnt that it is no use putting
up factories unless the electricity or other source of power to get them
running has been installed well in advance!
On the other hand, it is rather strange to observe that while all this
power shortage has been building up, the Ethiopian Electric Light and Power
Authority (now remand the Ethiopian Energy Corporation - Corporation? (That
smacks of the Derg era!), has deemed itself sufficiently awash with cash
to be a major investor in government treasury bills. Reportedly, it has
even lent a very sizeable sum of money to the Ethiopian Airlines! Even
stranger is the fact that some top government officials have given the
excuse of EELPA's shortage of cash for the latest round of electricity
tariff increases! Strange indeed!
But the implications for domestic and foreign private investment are no
joking matter. Where there are no electricity, water, telephone and road
facilities, there shall be no private investment, and where there is no
such investment, the very idea of talking about economic growth and development
in Ethiopia is as idle as the idea of Ethiopia launching a space programme
to seek extra terrestrial prosperity on Mars or beating Brazil in football!
Well, no pain, no gain!
What ought to be done? First ask EELPA, the following brief questions:
・ How many major power projects do you have in the pipeline?
・ Do you have any on the Tekeze and the Nile?
・ You have projects carried over from the Derg era, why haven't you put
even one of them into operation over the last six years?
・ Is it true that there has been an unplanned power diversion?
・ Name the major new power projects sites where construction has already
started.
・ Why have you been investing your cash in treasury bills and lending
money to other institutions when you are supposed to have been stepping
up your expenditure on energy development projects?
・ Can you give definite dates for the completion of Gilgel Gibe, Fincha
4 and Tis Abay 2?
・ Are you aware of the implications of your failure to implement these
energy projects?
Second, tell EELPA to do the following:
Do all that it takes to do, and get those power projects completed on time
and on budget! Arrange with the Ministry of Information to transmit your
work progress on TV at appropriate intervals. Mind you, no special effects
or "virtual reality" techniques will be tolerated. Only the progress
of construction as it is! And finally, thank you for the blackouts and
brownouts; they are teaching us an unforgettable lesson! Now, get cracking!
Oct 20,1997
The Ethiopian deputy prime minister Kassu Ilala has said that the pressing
demand for energy supply in the country will improve with the laundry of
hydroelectric power stations in the coming five to six years. He told a
trade fair and bazaar in Addis Ababa that efforts are being made to generate
an additional power 700 mega watt which help supply power to the industry
sector at a relatively low price.
He said, the plan is going on to install an additional 600,000 telephone
lines in a bid to improve telecommunications facilities. Mobile telephones
services will also start shortly.
He said the metal engineering industry which could have a great bearing
on the overall development is now receiving the necessary support following
the establishment of an independent agency for its revitalisation. On the
training institutes to be set up in the country, Kassau said a new tanning
and leather products industry training institute would begin operation
next year while a textile technology training programme has already been
launched.
今年８月頃のコカ貯水池
アディスの北３００ｋｍ，青ナイル
（案内書より複写）