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ペルーの水力開発，アンデス西側斜面は乾燥，東のアマゾン上流が主眼

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ペルーの水力開発，アンデス西側斜面は乾燥，東のアマゾン上流が主眼
A230906 Mongabay https://onl.sc/ACwanKL
Hydropower in the Pan Amazon: A look at the private energy sector in Peru - Mongabay
Approximately 35% of the country's electricity comes from hydropower, which is sourced approximately equally from the Pacific and Amazon ...

西側斜面は雨量が少なく灌漑専用，従って水力は東側斜面に偏る
Approximately 35% of the country’s electricity comes from hydropower, which is sourced approximately equally from the Pacific and Amazon watersheds. Projects on the western slope of the Cordillera Occidental often enjoy subsidies because of their irrigation potential, but those resources are inherently limited due to the rain shadow of the Andes. Consequently, most future expansion will take place on the eastern slope of the Andes.

Mantoro I & II (1,000 MW), Santa Teresa I & II (500 MW)
and San Gabin II & III (313 MW).Santa Teresa II, Cusco, Peru,５０万ＫＷ
Maranon River,Chadin II dam
D&R complex on the gorge where the Rio Inambari

アマゾン支流マラノン川（Maranon）が３支流のうち最大，Chaglla on the Rio Huallaga (456 MW)，２０１６年ブラジル企業が完成，１７年に中国企業三峡集団に売却，汚職事件
Most of the development has taken place on the Maranon watershed, which has the greatest potential among the three major Amazonian tributaries. The large-scale facility at Chaglla on the Rio Huallaga (456 MW), which was inaugurated by Odebrecht of Brazil in 2016, was sold to the China Three Gorges Corporation in 2017 following the Lava Jato corruption scandal.
マラニョン川は、リマの北東約160kmを源流とし、深く浸食されたアンデスの谷を、アンデス山脈の東に沿って南緯5度36分まで北西の方向へ流れる。次に、北東へと向きを変え、内陸のアンデス山脈を横切り、マンセリチェ峡谷に至る。 ウィキペディア
延長： 1,737 km
流量： 11,360 m3/s
流域面積： 764,200 km2
水源： アンデス山脈
流域国： ペルー
河口： アマゾナス川、 ウカヤリ川

Rio Maranon，Rio Inambari

The opposition to conventional hydropower is the consequence of failed attempts to develop mega-scale D&R facilities in the foothills of the Andes, where large rivers pass through a narrow gorge (see Annex 2.2). In 2008, the governments of Alan Garcia (Peru) and Lula da Silva (Brazil) signed a memorandum of understanding that sought to integrate the two countries’ electricity markets by developing Peruvian hydropower resources using Brazilian technology and capital.

Maranon River，Tupen，to be innundated by Chadin II dam
Night falls on the beach of Tupen (located in the Amazon region of Peru). The light illuminates the Maranon River and the hillsides. This is one of the villages that would be flooded if the Chadin II dam is built. Image by Diego Perez / WWF.

The first mega-project to be pursued was a D&R complex on the gorge where the Rio Inambari exits the Andes. The project

２００５年以前，アマゾン流域で１１か所，計１７０万ＫＷが開発，２０１８年までに１３０万ＫＷ追加，更に２０２３年までに２７０万ＫＷ更に追加，チリーを含めた西側諸国の企業による
Prior to 2005, the Amazonian watersheds housed eleven power plants with about 1.7 GW of capacity; this was increased by six units and 1.3 GW by 2018 and is projected to grow by another nine plants and 2.7 GW by 2023. The sector’s largest operators are domestic companies, many of which have formed joint ventures with investors from Norway, Italy, Spain, France, Israel, Chile, and the United States.

Most of the development has taken place on the Maranon watershed, which has the greatest potential among the three major Amazonian tributaries. The large-scale facility at Chaglla on the Rio Huallaga (456 MW), which was inaugurated by Odebrecht of Brazil in 2016, was sold to the China Three Gorges Corporation in 2017 following the Lava Jato corruption scandal.

イナンバリ川（Rio Inambari）の開発はガリシア大統領の悲願
Although impacts from hydropower development have been limited to date, that may change if the industry starts exploiting the hydrological resources of the Rio Maranon. Following the demise of the project on the Rio Inambari, President Alan Garcia issued an executive order declaring the development of hydropower and irrigation infrastructure on the Rio Maranon to be in the national interest, a designation that accelerates development by easing environmental reviews and facilitating access to public moneys.
たらい アマゾン盆地 (アマゾン川とマドレ・デ・ディオス川)
誕生 雪のアナネア
河口 マドレ・デ・ディオス川
（マドレ・デ・ディオス→ベニ→マデイラ→アマゾン→大西洋）
座標 南緯12度42分53秒 西経69度44分30秒
行政上の所在地
国 ペルー
分割 クスコプーノ神の母


水域
支流 サン・ガバンとアラザ（またはマルカパタ）
長さ 437km_ _
盆地の表面 20,400km2 _
平均流量 961m3 /秒_
高度 源：4,880m口
：210m

As in southern Peru, the most problematic projects are located in a gorge where the Maranon transects the Andean foothills; this 200-kilometre-long section of the river is the site of three putative mega-scale projects. It is highly unlikely that any of the three D&R projects would ever pass an environmental review, because they would inundate land deeded to Awajun communities who are renowned for their opposition to projects that infringe upon their territorial rights. More likely is the development of the 25 D&R projects on the 500-kilometre section of the river above the regional capital of Jaen into the highlands of Central Peru.

Only a single hydropower dam is being promoted for the non-Andean sections of the Peruvian Amazon: The Mazan R-o-R project would be located on a narrow isthmus separating the Napo and Amazon rivers 25 kilometers downstream from Iquitos and forty kilometers upstream from the mouth of the Rio Napo. It would include an eleven-meter dam across the Napo that would divert a fraction of that river’s current through a canal across the three-kilometer isthmus to the main channel of the Amazon River. The power would satisfy energy demand from Iquitos and, potentially, supply a proposed transmission line between Yurimaguas and Iquitos.

Ｍａｎａｔｏｒｏが出てくるフレーズ
The exclusion of Peru’s traditional hydropower sector is ironic, because it can objectively be characterized as ‘sustainable’. Most existing power plants are D&T systems that exploit topographic drops located high in watersheds, which limits their environmental and social impact. Even projects with relatively large reservoirs have a much smaller spatial footprint when compared to D&R facilities located at lower elevations. As in Bolivia, they consist of two to three medium-scale units organized as a cascade, with water recycled from one power plant to another ? for example, Mantoro I & II (1,000 MW), Santa Teresa I & II (500 MW) and San Gabin II & III (313 MW).

ペルーの水力開発，アンデス西側斜面は乾燥，東のアマゾン上流が主眼
A230906 Mongabay https://onl.sc/ACwanKL
Hydropower in the Pan Amazon: A look at the private energy sector in Peru - Mongabay
Approximately 35% of the country's electricity comes from hydropower, which is sourced approximately equally from the Pacific and Amazon ...

西側斜面は雨量が少なく灌漑専用，従って水力は東側斜面に偏る
Approximately 35% of the country’s electricity comes from hydropower, which is sourced approximately equally from the Pacific and Amazon watersheds. Projects on the western slope of the Cordillera Occidental often enjoy subsidies because of their irrigation potential, but those resources are inherently limited due to the rain shadow of the Andes. Consequently, most future expansion will take place on the eastern slope of the Andes.

Mantoro I & II (1,000 MW), Santa Teresa I & II (500 MW)
and San Gabin II & III (313 MW).Santa Teresa II, Cusco, Peru,５０万ＫＷ
Maranon River,Chadin II dam
D&R complex on the gorge where the Rio Inambari

アマゾン支流マラノン川（Maranon）が３支流のうち最大，Chaglla on the Rio Huallaga (456 MW)，２０１６年ブラジル企業が完成，１７年に中国企業三峡集団に売却，汚職事件
Most of the development has taken place on the Maranon watershed, which has the greatest potential among the three major Amazonian tributaries. The large-scale facility at Chaglla on the Rio Huallaga (456 MW), which was inaugurated by Odebrecht of Brazil in 2016, was sold to the China Three Gorges Corporation in 2017 following the Lava Jato corruption scandal.
マラニョン川は、リマの北東約160kmを源流とし、深く浸食されたアンデスの谷を、アンデス山脈の東に沿って南緯5度36分まで北西の方向へ流れる。次に、北東へと向きを変え、内陸のアンデス山脈を横切り、マンセリチェ峡谷に至る。 ウィキペディア
延長： 1,737 km
流量： 11,360 m3/s
流域面積： 764,200 km2
水源： アンデス山脈
流域国： ペルー
河口： アマゾナス川、 ウカヤリ川

Rio Maranon，Rio Inambari

The opposition to conventional hydropower is the consequence of failed attempts to develop mega-scale D&R facilities in the foothills of the Andes, where large rivers pass through a narrow gorge (see Annex 2.2). In 2008, the governments of Alan Garcia (Peru) and Lula da Silva (Brazil) signed a memorandum of understanding that sought to integrate the two countries’ electricity markets by developing Peruvian hydropower resources using Brazilian technology and capital.

Maranon River，Tupen，to be innundated by Chadin II dam
Night falls on the beach of Tupen (located in the Amazon region of Peru). The light illuminates the Maranon River and the hillsides. This is one of the villages that would be flooded if the Chadin II dam is built. Image by Diego Perez / WWF.

The first mega-project to be pursued was a D&R complex on the gorge where the Rio Inambari exits the Andes. The project

２００５年以前，アマゾン流域で１１か所，計１７０万ＫＷが開発，２０１８年までに１３０万ＫＷ追加，更に２０２３年までに２７０万ＫＷ更に追加，チリーを含めた西側諸国の企業による
Prior to 2005, the Amazonian watersheds housed eleven power plants with about 1.7 GW of capacity; this was increased by six units and 1.3 GW by 2018 and is projected to grow by another nine plants and 2.7 GW by 2023. The sector’s largest operators are domestic companies, many of which have formed joint ventures with investors from Norway, Italy, Spain, France, Israel, Chile, and the United States.

Most of the development has taken place on the Maranon watershed, which has the greatest potential among the three major Amazonian tributaries. The large-scale facility at Chaglla on the Rio Huallaga (456 MW), which was inaugurated by Odebrecht of Brazil in 2016, was sold to the China Three Gorges Corporation in 2017 following the Lava Jato corruption scandal.

イナンバリ川（Rio Inambari）の開発はガリシア大統領の悲願
Although impacts from hydropower development have been limited to date, that may change if the industry starts exploiting the hydrological resources of the Rio Maranon. Following the demise of the project on the Rio Inambari, President Alan Garcia issued an executive order declaring the development of hydropower and irrigation infrastructure on the Rio Maranon to be in the national interest, a designation that accelerates development by easing environmental reviews and facilitating access to public moneys.
たらい アマゾン盆地 (アマゾン川とマドレ・デ・ディオス川)
誕生 雪のアナネア
河口 マドレ・デ・ディオス川
（マドレ・デ・ディオス→ベニ→マデイラ→アマゾン→大西洋）
座標 南緯12度42分53秒 西経69度44分30秒
行政上の所在地
国 ペルー
分割 クスコプーノ神の母


水域
支流 サン・ガバンとアラザ（またはマルカパタ）
長さ 437km_ _
盆地の表面 20,400km2 _
平均流量 961m3 /秒_
高度 源：4,880m口
：210m

As in southern Peru, the most problematic projects are located in a gorge where the Maranon transects the Andean foothills; this 200-kilometre-long section of the river is the site of three putative mega-scale projects. It is highly unlikely that any of the three D&R projects would ever pass an environmental review, because they would inundate land deeded to Awajun communities who are renowned for their opposition to projects that infringe upon their territorial rights. More likely is the development of the 25 D&R projects on the 500-kilometre section of the river above the regional capital of Jaen into the highlands of Central Peru.

Only a single hydropower dam is being promoted for the non-Andean sections of the Peruvian Amazon: The Mazan R-o-R project would be located on a narrow isthmus separating the Napo and Amazon rivers 25 kilometers downstream from Iquitos and forty kilometers upstream from the mouth of the Rio Napo. It would include an eleven-meter dam across the Napo that would divert a fraction of that river’s current through a canal across the three-kilometer isthmus to the main channel of the Amazon River. The power would satisfy energy demand from Iquitos and, potentially, supply a proposed transmission line between Yurimaguas and Iquitos.

Ｍａｎａｔｏｒｏが出てくるフレーズ
The exclusion of Peru’s traditional hydropower sector is ironic, because it can objectively be characterized as ‘sustainable’. Most existing power plants are D&T systems that exploit topographic drops located high in watersheds, which limits their environmental and social impact. Even projects with relatively large reservoirs have a much smaller spatial footprint when compared to D&R facilities located at lower elevations. As in Bolivia, they consist of two to three medium-scale units organized as a cascade, with water recycled from one power plant to another ? for example, Mantoro I & II (1,000 MW), Santa Teresa I & II (500 MW) and San Gabin II & III (313 MW).





















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