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２０２３年１０月１６日 カリバダム，ザンビアとジンバブエの国境，半世紀以上が経って補修が大問題
カリバダム，新入社員の時から頭の中に入っていた名前，黒四の計画開始の頃には，先輩たちが大いに勉強した対象ではなかったか，カリバダムはまだ英国植民地の匂いが消えない１９５５年に着工し，１９５９年にエリザベス女王の手で竣工式，私の大学卒の時だ，
カリバダム（Kariba dam）は，ザンベジ川（Zambezi River）で，ザンビアとジンバブエが国境を接する地点，モザンビークも近い，高さ１２８ｍのダブルアーチという，当時は近代的な設計で，発電設備は南北合わせて約２００万ＫＷ，池容量は１８００億トンという
私が大学卒業した昭和３４年は黒四の最盛期で，カリバダムが完成した時期と同じ，黒四ダムは健全で益々日本経済に貢献しているが，カリバダムにはここ十数年来，崩壊の不安に悩まされている，３億ドルの補修工事の遅れが問題に（
https://onl.la/hn8nAVu）
カリバダム，ザンビアとジンバブエの国境，半世紀以上が経って補修が大問題
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'Expedite Kariba power project works'
THE financiers and the two beneficiary countries of the Kariba Hydropower Project have called on the contractors and consultants for the $300-million ...
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カリバダム，ザンビアとジンバブエの国境，半世紀以上が経って補修が大問題
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カリバダム，ザンビアとジンバブエの国境，半世紀以上が経って補修が大問題
A231015 Times of Zambia https://onl.la/hn8nAVu
'Expedite Kariba power project works'
THE financiers and the two beneficiary countries of the Kariba Hydropower Project have called on the contractors and consultants for the $300-million ...
By JAMES MUYANWA in Kariba, Zimbabwe ?
THE financiers and the two beneficiary countries of the Kariba Hydropower Project have called on the contractors and consultants for the $300-million rehabilitation project at Kariba Dam to expedite the works to meet the 2025 deadline.
The European Union (EU) as well as Zambia-Zimbabwe Council of Ministers said the rehabilitation project had been delayed enough and contractors should meet the current deadline.
Currently the work at the plunge pool was at 84 per cent while at the spillway they were at 82 per cent.
ジェームス・ムヤンワ著、ジンバブエ、カリバ ?
カリバ水力発電プロジェクトの金融業者と受益国2カ国は、カリバダムの3億ドルの改修プロジェクトの請負業者とコンサルタントに対し、2025年の期限に間に合うように工事を促進するよう求めた。
欧州連合（EU）とザンビア・ジンバブエ閣僚理事会は、復興プロジェクトは十分に遅れており、請負業者は現在の期限を守るべきだと述べた。
現在、プランジプールでの作業は 84 パーセント、放水路では 82 パーセントとなっています。
The dam as seen from Zimbabwe
Location Zambia
Zimbabwe
Coordinates 16°31′20″S 28°45′42″E
Construction began 1955
Opening date 1959
Construction cost US$480 million
Owner(s) Zambezi River Authority
Dam and spillways
Type of dam Arch dam
Impounds Zambezi River
Height 128 m (420 ft)
Length 579 m (1,900 ft)
Width (crest) 13 metres (43 ft)
Width (base) 24 metres (79 ft)
Reservoir
Creates Lake Kariba
Total capacity 180 km3 (150,000,000 acre?ft)
Catchment area 663,000 km2 (256,000 sq mi)
Surface area 5,400 km2 (2,100 sq mi)
Maximum length 280 km (170 mi)
Maximum water depth 97 m (318 ft)
Power Station
Turbines North: 4 x 150 MW (200,000 hp), 2 x 180 MW (240,000 hp) Francis-type
South: 6 x 125 MW (168,000 hp), 2 x 150 MW (200,000 hp) Francis-type
Installed capacity North: 960 MW
South: 1,050 MW
Total: 2,010 MW
Annual generation 6,400 GWh (23,000 TJ)
Recent activity
On 6 February 2008, the BBC reported that heavy rain could lead to a release of water from the dam, which would force 50,000 people downstream to evacuate.[27] Rising levels led to the opening of the floodgates in March 2010, requiring the evacuation of 130,000 people who lived in the floodplain, and causing concerns that flooding would spread to nearby areas.[28]
In March 2014, at a conference organized by the Zambezi River Authority, engineers warned that the foundations of the dam had weakened and there was a possibility of dam failure unless repairs were made.[29]
On 3 October 2014 the BBC reported that "The Kariba Dam is in a dangerous state. Opened in 1959, it was built on a seemingly solid bed of basalt. But, in the past 50 years, the torrents from the spillway have eroded that bedrock, carving a vast crater that has undercut the dam's foundations. … engineers are now warning that without urgent repairs, the whole dam will collapse. If that happened, a tsunami-like wall of water would rip through the Zambezi valley, reaching the Mozambique border within eight hours. The torrent would overwhelm Mozambique's Cahora Bassa Dam and knock out 40% of southern Africa's hydroelectric capacity. Along with the devastation of wildlife in the valley, the Zambezi River Authority estimates that the lives of 3.5 million people are at risk."[30]
In June 2015 The Institute of Risk Management South Africa completed a Risk Research Report entitled Impact of the failure of the Kariba Dam. It concluded: "Whilst we can debate whether the Kariba Dam will fail, why it might occur and when, there is no doubt that the impact across the region would be devastating."[31]
In January 2016 it was reported that water levels at the dam had dropped to 12% of capacity. Levels fell by 5.58 metres (18.3 ft), which is just 1.75 metres (5 ft 9 in) above the minimum operating level for hydropower. Low rainfalls and overuse of the water by the power plants have left the reservoir near empty, raising the prospect that both Zimbabwe and Zambia will face water shortages.[32]
In July and September 2018, The Lusaka Times reported that work had started relating to the plunge pool and cracks in the dam wall.[33][34]
On 22 February 2019 Bloomberg reported "Zambia has reduced hydropower production at the Kariba Dam because of rapidly declining water levels" but "Zambia doesn't anticipate power cuts as a result of shortages".[35] On 5 August that year, the same publication reported that the reservoir was near empty, and that it may have to stop hydropower production.[36]
As of November 2020 the water level in the Kariba reservoir has remained steady around the 25% capacity, up from nearly half that in November 2019.[37] The Zambezi River Authority has stated that it is optimistic about rainfall estimates for the 2020/2021 rainfall season, allocating an increased amount of water for power production. At that time, the reservoir held 15.77 billion cubic meters of water, with the water line sitting at around 478.30 metres (1,569.23 ft), just above the minimum capacity for power generation of 475.50 metres (1,560.04 ft).[38]
It was reported in February 2022 that rehabilitation work has been underway since 2017 on the Kariba dam. The Zambezi River Authority (ZRA) said that work on the Kariba Dam Rehabilitation Project (KDRP), which includes efforts to reconfigure the plunge pool and rebuild the spillway gates, is scheduled to be finished in 2025. The rehabilitation of the dam is being financed by the European Union (EU), the World Bank, the Swedish government and the African Development Bank (AfDB), with the Zambian and Zimbabwe governments contributing counterpart funding. The project’s goal is to guarantee the structural integrity of the Kariba Dam, assuring the sustained generation of power primarily for the benefit of the inhabitants of Zimbabwe and Zambia and the broader Southern African Development Community area. The work on redesigning the plunge pool involves bulk excavating the rock in the current pool to assist plunge pool stabilization and avoid additional scouring or erosion along the weak fault zone towards the dam foundation. This reshaping work will be accomplished by constructing a temporary water-tight cofferdam to complete the reshaping work under dry conditions.[39]
An energy crisis due to drought and low water levels continued into January 2023, with water level falling to just 1% of capacity and output limited to 800 MW for a fraction of the day.[40][41]
Industrial power users have proposed a 250 MW floating solar plant on Lake Kariba to improve electricity reliability.[42
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